Standards & Certification

Carbon Materials Standards Library

Every international and major national standard that applies to the eleven advanced carbon material families, with direct links to the issuing bodies.

222 standards · 11 material families

Material

Issuing body

222 standards

Graphene16 standards

The ACC Graphene Classification Framework, developed by the Advanced Carbons Council and published as an ISO technical specification in July 2025.

ISO/TS 9651:2025

Nanotechnologies — Classification framework for graphene-related 2D materialsThe ACC Graphene Classification Framework, published by ISO/TC 229 in July 2025 after several years of work with more than 100 subject matter experts. Specifies the relevant commercial characteristics of graphene-related 2D materials in sheet and particle form, the measurement methods for each, value ranges, a syntax for consistent naming and description, and a technical data sheet template. The reference framework for classifying and comparing graphene materials regardless of production route or feedstock.ISO

ASTM E3220-25

Standard Guide for Characterization of Graphene FlakesGuidance on measuring lateral flake size, average thickness, Raman I_D/I_G, and C/O ratio for graphene, GO, and rGO using AFM, Raman, and XPS.ASTM

IEC TS 62607-6-14:2020

Nanomanufacturing — Key control characteristics — Part 6-14: Graphene-based material — Defect level: Raman spectroscopyRaman-based defect-level KCC for graphene-based powders using I_(D+D′)/I_2D intensity ratio; applicable to graphene powder, rGO, bi-/tri-/few-layer graphene.IEC

IEC TS 62607-6-1:2020

Nanomanufacturing — Key control characteristics — Part 6-1: Graphene-based material — Volume resistivity: four probe methodFour-probe volume resistivity of powder graphene-based materials (graphene flakes, FLG, rGO) after pellet preparation.IEC

IEC TS 62607-6-22:2022

Nanomanufacturing — Key control characteristics — Part 6-22: Graphene-based material — Ash content: incinerationAsh content of graphene-based powder and dispersion by incineration.IEC

IEC TS 62607-6-28:2025

Nanomanufacturing — Key control characteristics — Part 6-28: Graphene-related products — Number of layers for graphene films on a substrate: Raman spectroscopyTwo Raman methods for number of layers in graphene films on substrates (2D-peak lineshape and Si-substrate intensity).IEC

IEC TS 62607-6-2:2023

Nanomanufacturing — Key control characteristics — Part 6-2: Graphene — Number of layers: atomic force microscopy, optical transmission, Raman spectroscopyStandardized determination of number of layers for graphene flakes by combined AFM, optical transmission, and Raman spectroscopy.IEC

IEC TS 62607-6-30:2024

Nanomanufacturing — Key control characteristics — Part 6-30: Graphene-based material — Anion concentration: Ion chromatography methodIon chromatography method for anion concentration in graphene-based materials.IEC

IEC TS 62607-6-4:2024

Nanomanufacturing — Key control characteristics — Part 6-4: Graphene-based materials — Surface conductance: non-contact microwave resonant cavity methodNon-contact microwave resonant cavity method for surface conductance of graphene and graphene-based material films.IEC

IEC TS 62607-6-8:2023

Nanomanufacturing — Key control characteristics — Part 6-8: Graphene material — Sheet resistance: In-line four-point probeIn-line four-point probe method for sheet resistance of graphene material.IEC

IEC TS 62607-6-9:2022

Nanomanufacturing — Material specifications — Graphene material — Sheet resistance: Eddy current methodEddy-current method for graphene material sheet resistance.IEC

ISO/DTS 21356-2

Nanotechnologies — Structural characterization of graphene — Part 2: Graphene sheets on a substrateUnder development: structural characterization of CVD-grown graphene on substrates (optical microscopy, Raman, TEM) for coverage, layers, disorder, stacking.ISOIn development

ISO/TR 19733:2019

Nanotechnologies — Matrix of properties and measurement techniques for graphene and related two-dimensional (2D) materialsMatrix linking key graphene/2D material properties (chemical, physical, electrical, optical, thermal, mechanical) to commercially available measurement techniques.ISO

ISO/TS 21356-1:2021

Nanotechnologies — Structural characterization of graphene — Part 1: Graphene from powders and dispersionsSequence of methods for structural properties of graphene, bilayer graphene, and graphene nanoplatelets from powders/dispersions: layers/thickness, lateral size, disorder, layer alignment, specific surface area.ISOIn development

ISO/TS 23359:2025

Nanotechnologies — Chemical characterization of graphene-related two-dimensional materials from powders and liquid dispersionsCompanion specification to ISO/TS 9651, published August 2025. Sets out methods for chemical characterisation of graphene-related 2D materials in powder and dispersion form, covering elemental composition, oxygen to carbon ratio, trace metal impurities and functional groups using XPS, TGA, ICP-MS and FTIR.ISO

ISO/TS 80004-13:2024

Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary — Part 13: Graphene and other two-dimensional (2D) materialsDefines terms for graphene, graphene-related 2D materials and other 2D materials, including production methods, properties, and characterization terminology.ISO

Carbon Fiber64 standards

ISO 13002:1998

Carbon fibre — Designation system for filament yarnsDesignation system for continuous carbon fibre filament yarns based on tensile modulus, tensile strength, and linear density; basis for specifications.ISO

ASTM B987/B987M-25

Standard Specification for Carbon Fiber Thermoset Polymer Matrix Composite Core (CFCC/TS) for Use in Overhead Electrical ConductorsSpecification for carbon fibre thermoset composite cores used in overhead electrical conductors: tensile, Tg, bending diameter, barrier layer, and related tests.ASTM

ASTM C613-23

Standard Test Method for Constituent Content of Composite Prepreg by Soxhlet ExtractionSoxhlet-extraction method for prepreg constituent content.ASTM

ASTM D2344/D2344M-22

Standard Test Method for Short-Beam Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials and Their LaminatesShort-beam strength (apparent interlaminar shear indicator) of PMC laminates including carbon-fibre systems.ASTM

ASTM D3039/D3039M-17(2025)

Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite MaterialsPrimary D30 tensile method for high-modulus fibre polymer-matrix composites — the default CFRP coupon tensile standard.ASTM

ASTM D3171-22

Standard Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite MaterialsResin/fibre/void content by matrix digestion/ignition or thickness/fibre areal weight for CFRP and other composites.ASTM

ASTM D3410/D3410M-16(2024)

Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials with Unsupported Gage Section by Shear LoadingShear-loaded compression for high-modulus fibre PMC laminates; classic method used extensively on CFRP.ASTM

ASTM D3518/D3518M-18(2025)

Standard Test Method for In-Plane Shear Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials by Tensile Test of a ±45° LaminateIn-plane shear response from ±45° laminate tension — ASTM counterpart to ISO 14129 for CFRP.ASTM

ASTM D3529-16(2021)

Standard Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite PrepregResin/fibre constituent content of composite prepreg including carbon-fibre epoxy prepreg.ASTM

ASTM D3530-20(2025)

Standard Test Method for Volatiles Content of Composite Material PrepregVolatiles content of composite prepreg materials.ASTM

ASTM D3531/D3531M-24

Standard Test Method for Resin Flow of Carbon Fiber-Epoxy PrepregResin flow of carbon fibre–epoxy prepreg under controlled temperature and pressure.ASTM

ASTM D3532/D3532M-19

Standard Test Method for Gel Time of Carbon Fiber-Epoxy PrepregGel time of carbon fibre–epoxy prepreg — processability/QC metric.ASTM

ASTM D3800-22

Standard Test Method for Density of High-Modulus FibersDensity of high-modulus fibres (carbon/graphite fibre tows and related).ASTM

ASTM D3878-26

Standard Terminology for Composite MaterialsASTM D30 terminology for composite materials (carbon fibre, prepreg, laminate terms).ASTM

ASTM D4018

Standard Test Methods for Properties of Continuous Filament Carbon and Graphite Fiber TowsPreparation and tensile testing of resin-impregnated continuous carbon/graphite yarns, rovings, and tows; also density, mass/length, sizing, and moisture. (Current catalogue also lists D4018-23.)ASTM

ASTM D4102/D4102M-22

Standard Test Method for Thermal Oxidative Resistance of Carbon FibersThermal oxidative resistance of carbon fibres — durability/oxidation screening.ASTM

ASTM D4762-23

Standard Guide for Testing Polymer Matrix Composite MaterialsOverview guide mapping recommended ASTM test methods for PMC characterization programmes.ASTM

ASTM D5229/D5229M-20

Standard Test Method for Moisture Absorption Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix Composite MaterialsMoisture absorption and equilibrium conditioning of PMC materials — environmental conditioning for CFRP allowables.ASTM

ASTM D5379/D5379M-19e1

Standard Test Method for Shear Properties of Composite Materials by the V-Notched Beam MethodIosipescu (V-notched beam) shear modulus and strength for composite materials including CFRP.ASTM

ASTM D5528/D5528M-21

Standard Test Method for Mode I Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix CompositesMode I interlaminar fracture toughness (GIC) for unidirectional FRP — ASTM counterpart to ISO 15024.ASTM

ASTM D5766/D5766M-23

Standard Test Method for Open-Hole Tensile Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite LaminatesOpen-hole tensile strength of multidirectional high-modulus fibre PMC laminates — notched strength design data for aerospace CFRP.ASTM

ASTM D6641/D6641M-23

Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials Using a Combined Loading Compression (CLC) Test FixtureCombined end- and shear-loading compression; widely preferred modern CFRP compression method.ASTM

ASTM D6671/D6671M-22

Standard Test Method for Mixed Mode I-Mode II Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Unidirectional Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix CompositesMixed-mode I/II interlaminar fracture toughness for unidirectional FRP composites.ASTM

ASTM D6742/D6742M-23

Standard Practice for Filled-Hole Tension and Compression Testing of Polymer Matrix Composite LaminatesFilled-hole tension and compression testing of PMC laminates — fastener-hole design allowables for CFRP.ASTM

ASTM D7078/D7078M-20(2025)

Standard Test Method for Shear Properties of Composite Materials by V-Notched Rail Shear MethodV-notched rail shear method (alternative/complement to D5379 Iosipescu).ASTM

ASTM D7136/D7136M

Standard Test Method for Measuring the Damage Resistance of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite to a Drop-Weight Impact EventDrop-weight impact damage resistance of continuous-fibre PMC plates; first half of the CAI sequence.ASTM

ASTM D7137/D7137M-23

Standard Test Method for Compressive Residual Strength Properties of Damaged Polymer Matrix Composite PlatesCompression residual strength after impact (CAI) for damaged PMC plates — pairs with D7136 for CFRP damage tolerance.ASTM

ASTM D7264/D7264M-21

Standard Test Method for Flexural Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite MaterialsLong-beam flexural stiffness/strength of PMC (3-point and 4-point) for continuous-fibre CFRP.ASTM

ASTM D7291/D7291M-22

Standard Test Method for Through-Thickness "Flatwise" Tensile Strength and Elastic Modulus of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite MaterialThrough-thickness (flatwise) tensile strength and modulus of FRP matrix composites.ASTM

EN 2561:1995

Aerospace series — Carbon fibre reinforced plastics — Unidirectional laminates — Tensile test parallel to the fibre directionAerospace EN method for UD CFRP tensile strength, modulus, Poisson's ratio and elongation parallel to fibres (also DIN EN / BS EN 2561).CEN/EN

EN 2562

Aerospace series — Carbon fibre reinforced plastics — Unidirectional laminates — Flexural test parallel to the fibre directionAerospace EN flexural test for UD CFRP parallel to fibre direction.CEN/EN

EN 2563:1997

Aerospace series — Carbon fibre reinforced plastics — Unidirectional laminates — Determination of the apparent interlaminar shear strengthAerospace EN short-beam flexural method for apparent interlaminar shear strength of UD CFRP.CEN/EN

EN 2564:2018

Aerospace series — Carbon fibre laminates — Determination of the fibre, resin and void contentsAerospace EN methods for fibre/resin/void content of carbon fibre laminates.CEN/EN

EN 2597

Aerospace series — Carbon fibre reinforced plastics — Unidirectional laminates — Tensile test perpendicular to the fibre directionAerospace EN transverse (90°) tensile test for UD CFRP.CEN/EN

ISO 10119:2020

Carbon fibre — Determination of densitySpecifies four density methods for carbon fibre yarn: liquid displacement, sink/float, density-gradient column (reference), and gas pycnometer.ISO

ISO 10548:2002

Carbon fibre — Determination of size contentTest methods for size (sizing) content of continuous-filament and staple-fibre carbon fibre yarns.ISO

ISO 10618:2004

Carbon fibre — Determination of tensile properties of resin-impregnated yarnTensile strength, tensile modulus, and strain at maximum load of resin-impregnated carbon fibre yarn specimens used as composite reinforcements.ISO

ISO 11566:1996

Carbon fibre — Determination of the tensile properties of single-filament specimensSingle-filament tensile test method for carbon fibre (listed under ICS 59.100.20 Carbon materials).ISO

ISO 11567:2018

Carbon fibre — Determination of filament diameter and cross-sectional areaFive test methods for diameter and cross-sectional area of single carbon fibre filaments (true or apparent diameter).ISO

ISO 13931:2013

Carbon fibre — Determination of volume resistivitySpecifies two methods (A and B) for volume resistivity of carbon fibre (ISO/TC 61/SC 13).ISO

ISO 14125:1998

Fibre-reinforced plastic composites — Determination of flexural propertiesFlexural properties of FRP composites (three- and four-point configurations).ISO

ISO 14126:2023

Fibre-reinforced plastic composites — Determination of compressive properties in the in-plane directionIn-plane compressive properties of thermoset/thermoplastic FRP (including CFRP); shear- and combined-loading methods.ISO

ISO 14127:2024

Carbon-fibre-reinforced composites — Determination of the resin, fibre and void contentsMethods A/B/C for resin, fibre, and void contents of CFRP (combustion/digestion, thickness, and microscopic analysis). Second edition (2024).ISO

ISO 14129:1997

Fibre-reinforced plastic composites — Determination of in-plane shear stress/strain response by the ±45° tension test±45° tension method for in-plane shear modulus and strength of FRP laminates including carbon-fibre systems.ISO

ISO 15024:2023

Fibre-reinforced plastic composites — Determination of mode I interlaminar fracture toughness, GICMode I interlaminar fracture toughness by double-cantilever beam for unidirectional CFRP/GFRP.ISO

ISO 18319-2:2022

Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement for concrete structures — Part 2: Specifications of CFRP stripsProduct requirements for unidirectional pultruded CFRP strips for external bonding to concrete.ISO

ISO 1889:2009

Reinforcement yarns — Determination of linear densityLinear density of glass, carbon, aramid and other reinforcement yarns.ISO

ISO 19350:2025

Recycled carbon fibre — Determination of tensile strength distribution and interfacial shear strength of single filament embedded in matrix polymerFibre tensile-strength distribution and fibre–resin interfacial shear strength of recycled carbon fibres via modified fragmentation test.ISO

ISO 30012:2016

Carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics — Determination of the size and aspect ratio of crushed objectsSize and aspect ratio of crushed CFRP fragments for recycling.ISO

ISO 3344:1997

Reinforcement products — Determination of moisture contentMoisture content of reinforcement products including carbon fibre yarns/products.ISO

ISO 527-4:2021

Plastics — Determination of tensile properties — Part 4: Test conditions for isotropic and orthotropic fibre-reinforced plastic compositesTensile conditions for isotropic/orthotropic FRP composites including multi-directional CFRP laminates.ISO

ISO 527-5:2021

Plastics — Determination of tensile properties — Part 5: Test conditions for unidirectional fibre-reinforced plastic compositesTensile test conditions for unidirectional FRP (carbon, glass, aramid) — strength, modulus, Poisson's ratios.ISO

ISO/TS 23483:2022

Carbon fibres — Determination of PAN-based carbon fibre tow characteristics — Heat transfer parameterThermal-imaging-camera method for the heat-transfer parameter of PAN-based 12K carbon fibre tow.ISO

JIS R 7601

Testing methods for carbon fibersJapanese umbrella standard for carbon fibre testing methods; historical parent of the R760x series.JIS

JIS R 7602

Testing methods for carbon fibre woven fabricsTest methods for carbon fibre woven fabrics (mass, construction, mechanical properties).JIS

JIS R 7603:1999

Carbon fibre — Determination of densityJapanese adoption aligned with ISO 10119 for carbon fibre density.JIS

JIS R 7605:1999

Carbon fibre — Determination of linear densityJapanese adoption based on ISO 10120 for carbon fibre yarn linear density.JIS

JIS R 7606:2000

Carbon fibre — Determination of the tensile properties of the single-filament specimensJapanese single-filament tensile test standard for carbon fibre (aligned with ISO 11566 approach).JIS

JIS R 7608:2007

Carbon fibre — Determination of tensile properties of resin-impregnated yarnJapanese Industrial Standard identical in scope to ISO 10618 for resin-impregnated carbon fibre yarn tensile properties.JIS

SACMA SRM 1R-94

Compressive Properties of Oriented Fiber-Resin Composites (Recommended Method)Historic SACMA recommended method for compression of oriented fibre-resin composites, still referenced in aerospace labs.Other

SACMA SRM 4R-94

Tensile Properties of Oriented Fiber-Resin CompositesHistoric SACMA recommended tensile method for oriented fibre-resin composites, still cited in aerospace composite test matrices.Other

SAE AMS3914

Carbon Fiber and Epoxy Resin, Plain Weave Fabric, Nominal 250 °F CureSAE AMS material specification for 250 °F-cure carbon fibre / epoxy plain-weave fabric prepreg.SAE

SAE AMS3960

Carbon Fiber and Epoxy Resin, Unidirectional Tape, Nominal 250 °F CureSAE AMS material specification for 250 °F-cure carbon fibre / epoxy unidirectional tape (CMH-17/P-17 aerospace prepreg family).SAE

SAE AMS3970/6A

Carbon Fiber Fabric Repair Prepreg, 120 °C (250 °F) Vacuum Curing — Part 6: Material SpecificationMaterial specification for carbon fibre fabric reinforced epoxy repair prepreg and companion glass fabric prepreg for aerospace repair.SAE

Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)11 standards

ISO/TS 11308:2020

Nanotechnologies — Characterization of carbon nanotube samples using thermogravimetric analysisTGA guidelines (inert or oxidizing) for CNT purity assessment, carbon-species quantification, non-carbon impurities, thermal stability, and homogeneity.ISO

IEC TS 62607-2-1:2012

Nanomanufacturing — Key control characteristics — Part 2-1: Carbon nanotube materials — Film resistanceStandardized method for categorizing commercial CNT grades by electrical film resistance/sheet resistance for batch comparison and application selection.IEC

ISO/TR 23463:2022

Nanotechnologies — Characterization of carbon nanotube and carbon nanofibre aerosols to be used in inhalation toxicity testsGuidance on characterizing CNT (and CNF) aerosols for inhalation toxicity studies.ISO

ISO/TS 10797:2012

Nanotechnologies — Characterization of single-wall carbon nanotubes using transmission electron microscopyTEM methods for SWCNT morphology characterization and EDX elemental analysis of other materials in SWCNT samples.ISO

ISO/TS 10798:2011

Nanotechnologies — Characterization of single-wall carbon nanotubes using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry analysisSEM/EDX methods for morphology and inorganic impurity/catalyst identification in raw and purified SWCNT powders and films; also applicable to MWCNTs.ISO

ISO/TS 10867:2019

Nanotechnologies — Characterization of single-wall carbon nanotubes using near infrared photoluminescence spectroscopyNIR photoluminescence method for chiral indices of semiconducting SWCNTs and relative integrated PL intensities; can estimate relative mass concentrations.ISO

ISO/TS 10868:2017

Nanotechnologies — Characterization of single-wall carbon nanotubes using ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) absorption spectroscopyOptical absorption guidelines for SWCNT diameter (≈1–2 nm), purity, and metallic-to-total SWCNT ratio.ISO

ISO/TS 11888:2017

Nanotechnologies — Characterization of multiwall carbon nanotubes — Mesoscopic shape factorsCharacterization of MWCNT mesoscopic shape factors (e.g. length, diameter, aspect-related metrics).ISO

ISO/TS 13278:2017

Nanotechnologies — Determination of elemental impurities in samples of carbon nanotubes using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometryICP-MS methods and optimized digestion procedures for residual non-carbon elements in SWCNT and MWCNT samples.ISO

ISO/TS 19808:2020

Nanotechnologies — Carbon nanotube suspensions — Specification of characteristics and measurement methodsSpecifies essential and additional characteristics of multi-walled CNT suspensions and corresponding measurement methods (excludes HSE-specific characteristics).ISO

ISO/TS 80004-3:2020

Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary — Part 3: Carbon nano-objectsVocabulary defining SWCNT, MWCNT, and related carbon nano-object terms.ISO

Biochar37 standards

ANSI/ASABE/USBI S668

Methods for Measurement and Testing of BiocharAmerican National Standard (approved Nov 2025) providing recommended testing methodologies for biochar: proximate/ultimate analysis, calorimetry, permanence, density/particle size, surface area/porosity, and environmental characterization. Developed by the X668 Biochar Development Committee with USBI.ANSI/US

AAPFCO T-101 Biochar Definition

Official AAPFCO definition of biochar as a soil amendmentAssociation of American Plant Food Control Officials definition (solid material from thermochemical conversion of biomass in an oxygen-limited environment, ≥60% carbon); governs US state fertilizer/soil-amendment labeling of biochar.ANSI/US

ASTM D1762-84(2021)

Standard Test Method for Chemical Analysis of Wood CharcoalClassic method for chemical analysis of wood charcoal (moisture, volatile matter, ash, fixed carbon); frequently cited historical/proximate framework for biochar.ASTM

ASTM D3172-13(2021)e1

Standard Practice for Proximate Analysis of Coal and CokePractice defining proximate analysis of coal and coke, referenced when applying coal-lab methods to charcoal/biochar.ASTM

ASTM D3176-24

Standard Practice for Ultimate Analysis of Coal and CokeUltimate analysis practice (C, H, N, S, O by difference); complementary to ISO 16948 CHN for solid carbonaceous materials.ASTM

ASTM D5373-21

Standard Test Methods for Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen in Analysis Samples of Coal and Carbon in Analysis Samples of Coal and CokeInstrumental CHN methods for coal/coke, cross-referenced in carbonaceous-solid ultimate analysis.ASTM

ASTM D7582-24

Standard Test Methods for Proximate Analysis of Coal and Coke by Macro Thermogravimetric AnalysisInstrumental TGA proximate analysis method family often adapted for charcoal/biochar TGA proximate programmes.ASTM

ASTM E1755-24

Standard Test Method for Ash in BiomassAsh content of biomass — ASTM E48 biotechnology method applied to biomass and biochar ash determination.ASTM

ASTM E1756-24

Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Solids in BiomassTotal solids in biomass (complement to moisture); used in biochar solids reporting.ASTM

ASTM E871-24

Standard Test Method for Moisture Analysis of Particulate Wood FuelsMoisture analysis of particulate wood fuels.ASTM

ASTM E872-24

Standard Test Method for Volatile Matter in the Analysis of Particulate Wood FuelsVolatile matter in particulate wood fuels — proximate-analysis component transferable to charcoal/biochar testing.ASTM

ASTM E873-24

Standard Test Method for Bulk Density of Densified Particulate Biomass FuelsBulk density of densified particulate biomass fuels (pellets/briquettes).ASTM

EBC (European Biochar Certificate)

European Biochar Certificate — Guidelines for a Sustainable Production of BiocharEuropean industry certification scheme specifying feedstock rules, production criteria, contaminant limits, and analytical methods (often referencing DIN/ISO/EN methods) for certified biochar grades.Industry scheme

IBI Biochar Standards V2.1

Standardized Product Definition and Product Testing Guidelines for Biochar That Is Used in SoilInternational Biochar Initiative industry standard defining biochar product categories, physicochemical test methods, and reporting requirements for soil-use biochar. Widely used as a de facto quality framework.Industry scheme

ISO 14780:2017

Solid biofuels — Sample preparationReduction of combined samples to laboratory/general analysis samples for calorific value, moisture, ash, density, durability, chemistry.ISO

ISO 16948

Solid biofuels — Determination of total content of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogenUltimate analysis (C/H/N) method applicable to biochar elemental composition.ISO

ISO 16967:2015

Solid biofuels — Determination of major elements — Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, P, K, Si, Na and TiMajor-element analysis of solid biofuels and their ashes; core inorganic profile method used by biochar quality schemes.ISO

ISO 16968:2015

Solid biofuels — Determination of minor elementsMinor/trace elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, Zn) in solid biofuels — contaminant suite heavily referenced for soil-use biochar.ISO

ISO 16993:2016

Solid biofuels — Conversion of analytical results from one basis to anotherConversion among as-received, air-dry, dry, and dry-ash-free bases — essential for consistent biochar data reporting.ISO

ISO 16994:2016

Solid biofuels — Determination of total content of sulfur and chlorineTotal S and Cl in solid biofuels, now framed under "solid biofuels and pyrogenic biocarbon".ISO

ISO 17827-1:2016

Solid biofuels — Determination of particle size distribution for uncompressed fuels — Part 1: Oscillating screen (≥3.15 mm)Particle-size distribution of coarse uncompressed fuels by oscillating screens.ISO

ISO 17827-2

Solid biofuels — Determination of particle size distribution for uncompressed fuels — Part 2: Vibrating screen (≤3.15 mm)Fine-fraction PSD by vibrating screens — used for powdered/granular biochar size distributions.ISO

ISO 17828

Solid biofuels — Determination of bulk densityBulk-density method cited by biochar testing guidance (e.g. EBC bulk-density procedures).ISO

ISO 17829:2015

Solid biofuels — Determination of length and diameter of pelletsLength and diameter of densified pellets (oversized fraction, average length).ISO

ISO 17831-1:2015

Solid biofuels — Determination of mechanical durability of pellets and briquettes — Part 1: PelletsMechanical durability (shock/abrasion resistance) of pellets during handling and transport.ISO

ISO 17831-2:2015

Solid biofuels — Determination of mechanical durability of pellets and briquettes — Part 2: BriquettesMechanical durability of briquettes — relevant to densified biocarbon/biocoal products.ISO

ISO 18122 (series)

Solid biofuels — Determination of ash contentAsh-content method widely referenced by biochar quality schemes (often at 550 °C). Used as a foundational physico-chemical test for biochar characterization.ISO

ISO 18123 (series)

Solid biofuels — Determination of volatile matterVolatile-matter determination for solid biofuels; routinely applied to biochar proximate analysis.ISO

ISO 18125:2017

Solid biofuels — Determination of calorific valueGross calorific value by bomb calorimetry; used for energy content and permanence screening of biochar/biocarbon.ISO

ISO 18134 (parts 1–3)

Solid biofuels — Determination of moisture contentOven-dry moisture methods (reference, simplified, and general analysis sample) used in biochar testing protocols.ISO

ISO 18135:2017

Solid biofuels — SamplingSampling plans, certificates, and manual/mechanical sampling — foundation for representative biochar sampling.ISO

ISO 18847:2016

Solid biofuels — Determination of particle density of pellets and briquettesParticle (not bulk) density of compressed fuels under standardized conditions.ISO

ISO/TC 238 (committee scope)

Solid Biofuels and Pyrogenic BiocarbonISO technical committee responsible for terminology, specifications/classes, sampling, test methods, and safety for thermally treated solid biofuels and pyrogenic biocarbon (including biochar, biocarbon, bio-coal). Scope expanded to cover pyrogenic biocarbon products.ISO

ISO/WD 16559

Solid biofuels and pyrogenic biocarbon — VocabularyVocabulary revision expanding solid-biofuel terminology to include pyrogenic biocarbon/biochar terms. Under development.ISOIn development

ISO/WD TS 17222-1

Pyrogenic Biocarbon — Specification and classification — Part 1: General requirementsWorking draft under ISO/TC 238 establishing general specification and classification requirements for pyrogenic biocarbon (biochar/biocarbon family). Under development.ISOIn development

ISO/WD TS 17222-2

Pyrogenic biocarbon — Specification and classification — Part 2: Material-based classificationWorking draft for material-based classification of pyrogenic biocarbon products. Under development.ISOIn development

USDA-NRCS CPS 336

Conservation Practice Standard — Soil Carbon Amendment (Code 336)US national conservation practice standard for application of carbon-based soil amendments (including biochar) for soil health and sequestration outcomes.ANSI/US

Graphite42 standards

ASTM D7219-19

Standard Specification for Isotropic and Near-isotropic Nuclear GraphitesClassification, processing, and typical properties of as-manufactured nuclear-grade graphite billets for fuel elements, moderator, or reflector blocks in high-temperature reactors; links to ASME code requirements.ASTM

ASTM A247

Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of Graphite in Iron CastingsEvaluation of graphite microstructure in iron castings (US counterpart approach to ISO 945 family).ASTM

ASTM C1025-15(2020)

Standard Test Method for Modulus of Rupture in Bending of Electrode GraphiteModulus of rupture (bending strength) of electrode graphite.ASTM

ASTM C1039-85(2020)e1

Standard Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Graphite ElectrodesApparent porosity, apparent specific gravity, and bulk density specifically for graphite electrodes.ASTM

ASTM C559-16(2020)

Standard Test Method for Bulk Density by Physical Measurements of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite ArticlesBulk density of manufactured carbon and graphite articles (≥500 mm³) from mass and dimensions at 25 ± 5 °C.ASTM

ASTM C560-20

Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of GraphiteChemical analysis methods for graphite materials.ASTM

ASTM C561-23

Standard Test Method for Ash in a Graphite SampleAsh content determination in graphite samples.ASTM

ASTM C565-15(2021)

Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Carbon and Graphite Mechanical MaterialsTension testing methods for carbon and graphite mechanical materials.ASTM

ASTM C611-21

Standard Test Method for Electrical Resistivity of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles at Room TemperatureRoom-temperature electrical resistivity of manufactured carbon and graphite articles.ASTM

ASTM C651-20

Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room TemperatureFour-point flexural strength of manufactured carbon and graphite at room temperature.ASTM

ASTM C662-16(2021)

Standard Specification for Impervious Graphite Pipe and ThreadingStandardizes pipe sizes and thread types for impervious graphite (and carbon) pipe and fittings.ASTM

ASTM C695-21

Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Carbon and GraphiteCompressive strength of carbon and graphite materials.ASTM

ASTM C709-09 (Withdrawn 2017)

Standard Terminology Relating to Manufactured Carbon and GraphiteHistorical D02.F0 terminology for manufactured carbon and graphite; still useful archival reference for legacy specs.ASTM

ASTM C714-23

Standard Guide for Thermal Diffusivity of Carbon and Graphite by Thermal Pulse MethodGuide for thermal diffusivity of carbon and graphite by thermal pulse (laser-flash family) methods.ASTM

ASTM C747-23

Standard Test Method for Moduli of Elasticity and Fundamental Frequencies of Carbon and Graphite Materials by Sonic ResonanceDynamic Young's and shear moduli of isotropic/near-isotropic carbon and graphite from resonant frequencies.ASTM

ASTM C749-15(2020)

Standard Test Method for Tensile Stress-Strain of Carbon and GraphiteTensile stress–strain response of carbon and graphite.ASTM

ASTM C769-15(2020)e1

Standard Test Method for Sonic Velocity in Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Materials for Use in Obtaining an Approximate Value of Young's ModulusUltrasonic/sonic velocity method to estimate Young's modulus of manufactured carbon and graphite.ASTM

ASTM C781-20

Standard Practice for Testing Graphite Materials for Gas-Cooled Nuclear Reactor ComponentsPractice for testing graphite materials intended for gas-cooled nuclear reactor components.ASTM

ASTM C783-25

Standard Practice for Core Sampling of Graphite ElectrodesPractice for obtaining core samples from graphite electrodes for subsequent testing.ASTM

ASTM C808-75(2021)

Standard Guide for Reporting Friction and Wear Test Results of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Bearing and Seal MaterialsReporting guide for friction and wear test results on manufactured carbon/graphite bearing and seal materials.ASTM

ASTM C816-15(2020)e1

Standard Test Method for Sulfur Content in Graphite by Combustion-Iodometric Titration MethodSulfur in graphite by combustion–iodometric titration.ASTM

ASTM D7301-21

Standard Specification for Nuclear Graphite Suitable for Components Subjected to Low Neutron Irradiation DoseSpecification for nuclear graphite for components under low neutron irradiation dose.ASTM

ASTM D7542-21

Standard Test Method for Air Oxidation of Carbon and Graphite in the Kinetic RegimeStandardized air-oxidation rate of manufactured carbon and graphite in the kinetic regime.ASTM

ASTM D7779-20

Standard Test Method for Determination of Fracture Toughness of Graphite at Ambient TemperatureAmbient-temperature fracture toughness of graphite.ASTM

ASTM D8186-18

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Impurities in Graphite by Electrothermal Vaporization Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ETV-ICP OES)Impurity measurement in graphite by ETV-ICP-OES.ASTM

EN 60239:2005

Graphite electrodes for electric arc furnaces — Dimensions and designation (CENELEC adoption of IEC 60239)European adoption of IEC 60239 electrode dimensional standard.CEN/EN

GB/T 24533-2019

Graphite negative electrode materials for lithium ion batteryChinese national product standard for graphite anode materials for Li-ion batteries — the primary formal product standard for battery-grade graphite anode materials.Other

IEC 60239:2005

Graphite electrodes for electric arc furnaces — Dimensions and designationDimensions and designation of turned/threaded cylindrical graphite EAF electrodes and pins; ensures supplier interchangeability.IEC

ISO 10143:2014

Carbonaceous materials for the production of aluminium — Calcined coke for electrodes — Determination of the electrical resistivity of granulesElectrical resistivity of granular calcined or graphitized carbon used in carbon electrodes for aluminium production.ISO

ISO 12986-1:2014

Carbonaceous materials used in the production of aluminium — Prebaked anodes and cathode blocks — Part 1: Determination of bending/shear strength by a three-point methodThree-point flexural strength of carbon and solid graphite materials at room temperature.ISO

ISO 12987:2004

Carbonaceous materials for the production of aluminium — Anodes, cathodes blocks, sidewall blocks and baked ramming pastes — Determination of the thermal conductivity using a comparative methodComparative thermal conductivity of carbonaceous materials; also applicable to graphitized electrodes.ISO

ISO 6257:2002

Carbonaceous materials used in the production of aluminium — Pitch for electrodes — SamplingSampling and sample preparation of binder pitch used in electrode manufacture for aluminium electrolysis.ISO

ISO 8007-2:1999

Carbonaceous materials used in the production of aluminium — Sampling plans and sampling from individual units — Part 2: Prebaked anodesSampling plan creation/execution and preferred sample locations for prebaked anodes.ISO

ISO 8007-3:2003

Carbonaceous materials used in the production of aluminium — Sampling plans and sampling from individual units — Part 3: Sidewall blocksSampling plans for sidewall blocks used in aluminium electrolysis cells.ISO

ISO 945-1

Microstructure of cast irons — Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysisVisual classification of graphite microstructure in cast irons (form, distribution, size) — metallurgical graphite morphology standard (not manufactured graphite billets).ISO

ISO 945-4:2019

Microstructure of cast irons — Part 4: Determination of nodularity in spheroidal graphite cast ironsVisual and image-analysis evaluation of nodularity and graphite particle count in spheroidal graphite cast irons.ISO

ISO/TR 945-2:2011

Microstructure of cast irons — Part 2: Graphite classification by image analysisTwo-dimensional image-analysis characterization of graphite form and size in cast irons (complements ISO 945-1).ISO

ISO/TR 945-3:2016

Microstructure of cast irons — Part 3: Matrix structuresDesignations, descriptions and reference micrographs of cast-iron matrix structures.ISO

JIS R 7201:2010

Dimensions of cylindrical machined graphite electrodesJapanese dimensions standard for artificial graphite round electrodes for electric steelmaking furnaces; MOD of IEC 60239:2005.JIS

JIS R 7202

Testing methods for taper screw thread angle and pitch diameter of cylindrical machined graphite electrodesMethods for taper screw thread angle and effective diameter of machined graphite electrodes (companion to JIS R 7201).JIS

JIS R 7222

Test methods for physical properties of graphite materialsJapanese physical-property test methods for graphite materials (density, strength, resistivity).JIS

JIS R 7223

Chemical analysis of graphite materialsJapanese chemical analysis methods for graphite materials.JIS

Biomass & Recycled Carbons10 standards

ASTM D6866-24a

Standard Test Methods for Determining the Biobased Content of Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous Samples Using Radiocarbon AnalysisMeasures biobased/biogenic carbon content via ¹⁴C radiocarbon analysis (AMS/IRMS and LSC methods). Discriminates contemporary biogenic carbon from fossil carbon in solids, liquids, and gases. Foundational method for biomass-carbon claims and renewable-content reporting.ASTM

CEN/TS 16640

Bio-based products — Bio-based carbon content — Determination of the bio-based carbon content using the radiocarbon methodEuropean technical specification for bio-based carbon content by radiocarbon (related framework to ASTM D6866 / ISO 16620 series for bio-based products).CEN/EN

EN ISO 21644:2021

Solid recovered fuels — Methods for the determination of biomass content (EN adoption)European adoption of ISO 21644 for biomass content in SRF; commonly cited in EU regulatory and ETS contexts.ISO

ISO 13833:2013

Stationary source emissions — Determination of the ratio of biomass (biogenic) and fossil-derived carbon dioxide — Radiocarbon sampling and determinationRadiocarbon-based determination of biogenic vs fossil CO₂ ratio in stationary-source emissions; supports biomass carbon accounting in combustion.ISO

ISO 17225-1 (series)

Solid biofuels — Fuel specifications and classes — Part 1: General requirementsGeneral requirements and classification framework for solid biofuels; basis for graded biomass fuel products (pellets, chips, briquettes, thermally treated fuels).ISO

ISO 21644:2021

Solid recovered fuels — Methods for the determination of biomass contentSpecifies three methods for biomass content in solid recovered fuels: ¹⁴C content, selective dissolution, and manual sorting. Used in EU ETS and waste-to-energy biomass fraction determinations.ISO

ISO 26115 (under development)

Recycled carbon fibre — Determination of tensile strength distribution from fibre bundle tensile testUnder-development method for tensile strength distribution of recycled carbon fibre from fibre-bundle tests.ISOIn development

ISO 26448 (under development)

Recycled carbon fibre — Determination of impurity elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)Under-development ICP-MS method for impurity elements in recycled carbon fibre.ISOIn development

ISO/DIS 19374

Recycled carbon fibres — Designation systemDraft international standard establishing a designation system for recycled carbon fibres used in polymer composites (under ISO/TC 61/SC 13).ISOIn development

ISO/TS 17225-8

Solid biofuels — Fuel specifications and classes — Part 8: Graded thermally treated and densified biomass fuelsSpecifications for graded torrefied/thermally treated densified biomass fuels (biocoal/biocarbon-type products used as fuel).ISO

Carbon-Carbon Composites7 standards

ASTM C1836-16(2023)

Standard Classification for Fiber Reinforced Carbon-Carbon Composite StructuresClassification system for structural C/C composites (plates, bars, rods, tubes) based on fibre type, architecture, matrix densification, physical properties, and mechanical properties; produces a classification code.ASTM

ASTM C1341

Standard Test Method for Flexural Properties of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramic CompositesFlexural test method for continuous fibre-reinforced advanced ceramic composites, including carbon-fibre CMC systems.ASTM

ASTM C1468 / C1469 (related CMC)

Shear strength test methods for advanced ceramic joints/compositesShear test methods used in the advanced ceramic composites suite that supports C/C structural evaluation.ASTM

ASTM C1783-15(2024)

Standard Guide for Development of Specifications for Fiber Reinforced Carbon-Carbon Composite Structures for Nuclear ApplicationsGuide for preparing material specifications for fibre-reinforced C/C composite structures intended for nuclear applications.ASTM

ASTM C1793

Standard Guide for Development of Specifications for Fiber Reinforced Silicon Carbide-Silicon Carbide Composite Structures for Nuclear ApplicationsRelated nuclear CMC specification guide often used alongside C/C nuclear composite standards (SiC/SiC companion document).ASTM

ISO 14127:2024

Carbon-fibre-reinforced composites — Determination of the resin, fibre and void contentsAlthough focused on polymer-matrix CFRP, void/fibre-content methodologies are relevant reference methods when characterizing densified carbon-fibre composite architectures.ISO

ISO 14544:2025

Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Mechanical properties of ceramic composites at high temperature — Determination of compression propertiesHigh-temperature compressive behaviour of continuous-fibre ceramic matrix composites in air, vacuum, or inert gas; applicable to C/C and related CMCs at elevated temperature.ISO

Carbon Nanofibers7 standards

ISO/TS 80004-3:2020

Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary — Part 3: Carbon nano-objectsDefines terms for carbon nano-objects including carbon nanofibre, carbon nanotube, graphene-related and related nanoscale carbons; foundational vocabulary for CNF nomenclature.ISO

ASTM E2456-06(2020)

Standard Terminology Relating to NanotechnologyASTM nanotechnology terminology applicable to engineered nanoscale fibres including carbon nanofibres.ASTM

ASTM E3144-19

Standard Guide for Reporting the Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Nano-ObjectsReporting guide for physical/chemical characteristics of individual nano-objects; applicable when documenting CNF materials.ASTM

IEC/TS 62607-2-1:2012

Nanomanufacturing — Key control characteristics — Part 2-1: Carbon nanotube materials — Film resistanceElectrical film-resistance KCC method developed for CNT materials; methods and sample-prep concepts are often adapted by analogy for conductive carbon nanofibre films.IEC

ISO/TR 23463:2022

Nanotechnologies — Characterization of carbon nanotube and carbon nanofibre aerosols to be used in inhalation toxicity testsTechnical report reviewing characterization of CNT and CNF aerosols for inhalation exposure studies; guidance on appropriate physico-chemical characterization for toxicity testing.ISO

ISO/TS 12901-1 / -2

Nanotechnologies — Occupational risk management applied to engineered nanomaterialsPrinciples and control-banding approaches for occupational risk management of engineered nanomaterials, including fibrous carbon nanomaterials such as CNFs.ISO

ISO/TS 80004-2

Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary — Part 2: Nano-objectsCore nano-object vocabulary defining nanoparticle, nanofibre, and nanoplate — the parent terms used when specifying carbon nanofibres.ISO

Emerging Nano Carbons10 standards

Emerging nano carbons are largely governed by horizontal nanotechnology standards rather than dedicated material standards.

ISO/TS 80004-3:2020

Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary — Part 3: Carbon nano-objectsDefines carbon nano-object terms and relationships to conventional carbons; Annex covers related carbon nanoscale materials — primary vocabulary entry point for emerging carbon nanoforms.ISO

ASTM E2456-06(2020)

Standard Terminology Relating to NanotechnologyASTM nanotechnology terminology applicable across emerging carbon nanomaterials.ASTM

ASTM E2535-25

Standard Guide for Handling Unbound Engineered Nanoscale Particles in Occupational SettingsOccupational handling guidance for unbound engineered nanoscale particles, applicable to emerging powder nano-carbons.ASTM

ASTM E3144-19

Standard Guide for Reporting the Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Nano-ObjectsStandardized reporting of physical/chemical characteristics of individual nano-objects — useful for novel carbon nanoforms without dedicated standards.ASTM

ASTM E3206-19

Standard Guide for Reporting the Physical and Chemical Characteristics of a Collection of Nano-ObjectsReporting guide for collections/batches of nano-objects.ASTM

ISO 17200:2020

Nanotechnology — Nanoparticles in powder form — Characteristics and measurementsCharacteristics and measurements for nanoparticles in powder form; applicable generic framework for emerging powdered nano-carbons.ISO

ISO 80004-1:2023

Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary — Part 1: Core vocabularyCore nanotechnology vocabulary underpinning all nano-carbon terminology.ISO

ISO/CD TS 21497

Nanotechnologies — Method for the removal of carbon nanotubes, graphene and carbon nanohorns from industrial and research wastewater using hypochloriteUnder-development method explicitly naming carbon nanohorns alongside CNTs and graphene for wastewater removal — one of the few documents addressing carbon nanohorns by name.ISOIn development

ISO/TS 12901-1 / ISO/TR 12885

Occupational risk management / health and safety practices for nanotechnologiesHorizontal HSE frameworks applied when emerging nano-carbons enter workplace or product settings.ISO

ISO/TS 80004-13:2024

Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary — Part 13: Graphene and other two-dimensional (2D) materialsVocabulary for graphene-related and other 2D materials (production, properties, characterization); relevant as new 2D carbon allotropes emerge.ISO

MXenes5 standards

No dedicated MXene standards have been published yet. The documents below are the horizontal 2D-material and nano-object standards that currently apply.

ISO/TS 80004-13:2024

Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary — Part 13: Graphene and other two-dimensional (2D) materialsClosest formal vocabulary framework for “other 2D materials”; MXenes are 2D but are not specifically named in current carbon-centric nano-object vocabularies. May inform future MXene terminology work under ISO/TC 229.ISO

ASTM E3144-19 / E3206-19

Guides for reporting physical and chemical characteristics of nano-objects / collections of nano-objectsGeneric nano-object reporting frameworks usable for MXene powders and dispersions until material-specific standards exist.ASTM

ASTM E3220-25

Standard Guide for Characterization of Graphene FlakesFlake characterization practices (AFM, Raman, XPS) often adapted by MXene researchers for lateral size, thickness, and surface chemistry reporting — not MXene-specific.ASTM

ISO/TC 229 / IEC/TC 113

Nanotechnologies / Nanotechnology for electrotechnical productsLead international committees where any future MXene-specific work would most likely be initiated (especially electrical/energy storage KCCs under IEC/TC 113).ISO

ISO/TR 19733:2019

Matrix of properties and measurement techniques for graphene and related 2D materialsMeasurement-technique matrix for 2D materials; methodological reference for characterizing 2D flakes (lateral size, thickness, chemistry) that research groups apply by analogy to MXenes.ISO