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Advanced carbon material

Graphite

The original carbon workhorse, now central to the battery age. Graphite has anchored steelmaking and lubrication for over a century, and it is now the dominant anode material in lithium-ion batteries.

Mined

Synthetic

3,600°C
Sublimation point
Among the highest of any material
2.2g/cc
Density
Light for a conductor
High
Conductivity
Electrical and thermal
Layered
Structure
Stacked graphene sheets

What is graphite

Graphite is crystalline carbon built from stacked graphene layers held together by weak forces, which is what gives it both conductivity and lubricity. It comes in natural form, mined as flake, vein or amorphous grades, and in synthetic form, made from petroleum coke and pitch then graphitised at high temperature. Graphite conducts electricity and heat, withstands high temperatures, resists chemicals and machines easily. Its largest growth market by far is the anode in lithium-ion batteries, which has turned a mature commodity into a strategic material.

Material properties

What makes graphite exceptional

Electrical conductivityConducts current along the layers
Thermal conductivitySpreads heat efficiently
LubricityLayers slide, giving natural lubrication
High temperature stabilityStable to very high temperatures
Chemical resistanceResists most acids and solvents
MachinabilityEasily machined into precise shapes
Layered structureStacked graphene sheets
Refractory strengthHolds up under heat and load
Dimensional stabilityLow expansion under heat

Market outlook

A market scaling fast

The global graphite market is valued at roughly $23 billion in 2024. Natural graphite mine output runs on the order of a million tonnes a year, and graphite makes up more than 90 percent of the anode material in lithium ion batteries, now the dominant driver of demand. Synthetic graphite accounts for around two thirds of supply.

$23B
Global graphite market, 2024
>90%
Of Li-ion anode material
9
Application sectors tracked

ACC Intelligence

The Graphite Report

Independent market sizing, the natural and synthetic supply landscape, and application-level demand forecasts, refreshed every year.

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Where graphite appears in our coverage

Application sectors

How graphite fits the carbon ecosystem

Ecosystem map

3Raw sources
4Processing routes
1Advanced materials
8End applications
RAW SOURCESINTERMEDIATEPROCESSINGADVANCED MATERIALSEND APPLICATIONSPetroleumMineralBiomassNatural GraphiteSynthetic Graph…Petroleum Produ…LigninBiomaterialsPitchChemical Exfoli…Thermal Exfolia…Ball Milling / …GraphitizationGraphiteCompositesBatteriesCoatingsElectronicsEnergy Generati…HydrogenLubricantsThermal Managem…
Raw Sources
Intermediate
Processing
Advanced Materials
End Applications

The above is for illustration purposes only and does not represent every possible data point.

View full diagram ↗

Standards and certification

Key Graphite standards

Recent coverage

What we’re reporting

All graphite articles

Explore further

Used in these applications

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At a glance

FormsNatural, synthetic
StructureStacked graphene
Largest growthLi-ion anodes
Synthetic fromCoke and pitch
Sublimes~3,600 C