Numerical simulation of biochar use in electric arc furnace steelmaking

The iron and steel industry is a major global energy consumer, accounting for approximately 20% of industrial-sector energy use, primarily through coal and coke. These fossil fuels are extensively used for heat generation and as reducing agents in steel production, contributing significantly to global CO2 emissions. This has prompted the search for sustainable alternatives to coke and coal. Biochar has emerged as a potential substitute due to its adaptability and metallurgical properties comparable to traditional fuels. However, its application in steel manufacturing remains limited, facing strong competition from coal-based fuels.

This study examines the challenges faced by steel production plants and assesses biochar's potential to address these issues. It evaluates the substitution of coal and coke with biochar, focusing on metallurgical, technical, and environmental aspects through a gate-to-gate analysis, from input feedstocks (coal or biochar) to steel production. Additionally, the study discusses the opportunities and obstacles of using biochar in energy-intensive processes such as coke-making, sintering, and blast furnaces. It also addresses key questions regarding the evaluation of these alternatives and their impact on the steel production system.